Evidence: strong

• Anchoringtype: effect · evidence: strong

  A number you see before an estimate pulls your estimate towards it, even when you know it is random.

• Cognitive reappraisaltype: technique · evidence: strong

  When a situation upsets you, you look for another way of seeing it that changes what you feel.

• Endowment effect and status quo biastype: effect · evidence: strong

  Something seems more valuable once it is ours, and an option seems better when it is the one we already have.

• Framing effecttype: effect · evidence: strong

  The same choice, described in terms of gains or of losses, gets different answers.

• Halo effecttype: effect · evidence: strong

  The halo effect means that a positive trait that stands out, especially good looks, makes us assume a person has other qualities too.

• Implementation intentionstype: technique · evidence: strong

  A plan of the form ‘if situation X arises, then I will do Y’ that complements a goal.

• Opportunity costtype: mental model · evidence: strong

  The real cost of a choice is the best alternative you give up.

• Outcome biastype: effect · evidence: strong

  We judge a decision by how it turned out, not by how well it was thought through with what was known at the time.

• Regression to the meantype: mental model · evidence: strong

  An extreme result is usually followed by one closer to the average, even if you do nothing.

• Serial position effecttype: effect · evidence: strong

  From a list, we remember the last items best and, somewhat less, the first ones.

• Spacing and retrieval practicetype: technique · evidence: strong

  You remember more in the long run if you split your studying into several sessions and test yourself instead of rereading.